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	<title>My World in a few words</title>
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	<description>contact me at: ricardo at ricardocordeiro dot net</description>
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		<title>My World in a few words</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com</link>
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		<item>
		<title>New Computer</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/new-computer/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/09/26/new-computer/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 14:58:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/?p=41</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This just in.. I just got my new work computer.. A beautiful DELL Latitude D630C.. amazing machine.. I love it!!! Posted in Howto's<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=41&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This just in.. I just got my new work computer.. A beautiful DELL Latitude D630C.. amazing machine.. I love it!!!</p>
<br />Posted in Howto's  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/rcordeiro.wordpress.com/41/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=41&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<title>New Job</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/09/11/new-job/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/09/11/new-job/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Sep 2008 12:06:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/?p=39</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Well guys, this year has been quite good for me.. During my last job I got the chance to work at Portugal&#8217;s largest mobile operator, TMN, and I was relocated to Marocco for one month, on a Bandwidth Control project. Although I wasn&#8217;t thinking about leaving PTInovação, I recieved a job offer from Lisbon. One [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=39&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well guys, this year has been quite good for me..</p>
<p>During my last job I got the chance to work at Portugal&#8217;s largest mobile operator, TMN, and I was relocated to Marocco for one month, on a Bandwidth Control project.</p>
<p>Although I wasn&#8217;t thinking about leaving PTInovação, I recieved a job offer from Lisbon. One of Portugal&#8217;s top consultancy firms, which plays head to head with Accenture and Deloitte in both national and international markets, gave me an offer I couldn&#8217;t refuse, and I didn&#8217;t.</p>
<p>So here I am, at Novabase ACD, over-looking the Lisbon Casino and the Tejo River from my desk. This is prime real-estate. Simply one of the best places to work in Lisbon.</p>
<p>So here go the perks:</p>
<p>Dell Laptop</p>
<p>Nokia Phone (Calls Paid)</p>
<p>Health Insurance (In Portugal its not that common)</p>
<p>And a pretty decent salary pakage.</p>
<p>Oh, ya.. and my next country to be relocated to will be Angola..</p>
<p>See you soon <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>Google Maps API</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/06/11/google-maps-api/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/06/11/google-maps-api/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2008 11:45:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/?p=37</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Well, I started a while back learning how to use the google maps api, although I haven&#8217;t had much time, and most of the code is hacked from other users (to quickly see the api&#8217;s capabilities), I present to you my latest project: www.mapmyworld.net It will be changing every day I have a few minutes [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=37&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, I started a while back learning how to use the google maps api, although I haven&#8217;t had much time, and most of the code is hacked from other users (to quickly see the api&#8217;s capabilities), I present to you my latest project: www.mapmyworld.net</p>
<p>It will be changing every day I have a few minutes to spare.</p>
<p>Any ideas on what I could do next? Email me <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<title>New year, new job!</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/new-year-new-job/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/new-year-new-job/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Feb 2008 23:02:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/?p=32</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[So as of monday, march 3rd I will be a computer systems analyst at Portugal Telecom Inovação.. And to start off, here is the most recent perk: Sistema Processador AMD Athlon 64 X2 TK55 Velocidade do Processador 1.7 GHz Memória 2048 MB (1024&#215;2) DDR2 667  Armazenamento Discos Duros 160 GB SATA 5400 rpm Drive DVDRW [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=32&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So as of monday, march 3rd I will be a computer systems analyst at Portugal Telecom Inovação..</p>
<p>And to start off, here is the most recent perk:</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="90%">
<tr>
<td height="20" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;">Sistema</p>
</td>
<td height="20" width="67%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Processador</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">AMD Athlon 64 X2 TK55</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Velocidade do Processador</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">1.7 GHz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Memória</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">2048 MB (1024&#215;2) DDR2 667</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"> Armazenamento</p>
</td>
<td height="20" width="67%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Discos Duros</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">160 GB SATA 5400 rpm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Drive</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">DVDRW Supermulti</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"> Audio e Video</p>
</td>
<td height="20" width="67%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Ecran</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">15.4&#8221; WXGA Color Shine</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Câmara de Vídeo</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">Webcam 1.3 MP integrada</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Placa Gráfica</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">ATI X1250 até 128 MB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"> Comunicações</p>
</td>
<td height="20" width="67%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Placa de Rede</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">Gigabit LAN 801.11 b/g</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="20" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"> Outros</p>
</td>
<td height="20" width="67%"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Sistema Operativo</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%">Windows Vista Premium</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="90%">
<tr>
<td height="23" width="33%">
<p style="margin-left:5px;"><b>Oferta</b></p>
</td>
<td height="23" width="67%"><b>Mala e Rato</b></td>
</tr>
</table>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>Exporting a Serial Console from a VM to a TTY on the server</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/exporting-a-serial-console-from-a-vm-to-a-tty-on-the-server/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/exporting-a-serial-console-from-a-vm-to-a-tty-on-the-server/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Feb 2008 12:55:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/?p=31</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Many companies nowadays use virtual machines as their servers. Well what I&#8217;m gonna talk about today is how to export the serial console from your kvm-qemu virtual machine to a certain tty on your server. It&#8217;s quite easy: First thing is to start your vm with the -serial /dev/tty6 (or 7 or 8 or whatever) [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=31&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Many companies nowadays use virtual machines as their servers.</p>
<p>Well what I&#8217;m gonna talk about today is how to export the serial console from your kvm-qemu virtual machine to a certain tty on your server.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s quite easy:</p>
<p>First thing is to start your vm with the -serial /dev/tty6 (or 7 or 8 or whatever) switch.</p>
<p>Ok so now we&#8217;ve got our server listening on the tty we specified for a serial connection. Now lets go to our virtual machine.</p>
<p>On our virtual machine, go to /boot/grub/menu.1st and add the following lines to the top of the file:</p>
<pre>serial --unit=0 --speed=115200 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1
terminal --timeout=15 serial console</pre>
<p>And change the kopt (in the same file) to:</p>
<p># kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8</p>
<p>Now go to your /etc/inittab and uncomment this line:</p>
<p>T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100</p>
<p>Now we have to update grub:</p>
<p>update-grub</p>
<p>And reboot the virtual machine</p>
<p>Lets go back to our server:</p>
<p>try to enter the tty you specified, and there you go, your virtual machine is now exported to your servers tty.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<title>X Forwarding with 1 hop</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/01/31/x-forwarding-with-1-hop/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/01/31/x-forwarding-with-1-hop/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2008 14:19:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Howto's]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2008/01/31/x-forwarding-with-1-hop/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Assuming the X server is running on the local machine as server 0 and listening for TCP connections. Please replace 6010 and localhost:10.0 with other values local machine: xhost + localhost ssh -R 6010:localhost:6000 diana.xxx.yyy.zzz -l login at diana ssh -R 6010:localhost:6010 remote_host -l login at remote_host export DISPLAY=localhost:10.0 whatever X command: e.g. xterm, gnome-session, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=30&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<pre>Assuming the X server is running on the local machine as server 0 and
listening for TCP connections.
Please replace 6010 and localhost:10.0 with other values <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif' alt=':D' class='wp-smiley' /> 

local machine:
xhost + localhost
ssh -R 6010:localhost:6000 diana.xxx.yyy.zzz -l login

at diana
ssh -R 6010:localhost:6010 remote_host -l login

at remote_host
export DISPLAY=localhost:10.0
whatever X command: e.g. xterm, gnome-session, etc...</pre>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>Trip Day 1-3</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/trip-day-1-3/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/trip-day-1-3/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Oct 2007 16:11:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://hng.av.it.pt/~rcordeiro/?p=41</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[So I left friday to come back home to Canada. I was a llittle hesitant about flying with KLM, but the flight from Lisbon to Amsterdam went great. We left Lisbon on time and after getting to the cruising altitude we were served with a nice refreshment while waiting for breakfast. Breakfast served, orange juice, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=27&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So I left friday to come back home to Canada.<br />
I was a llittle hesitant about flying with KLM, but the flight from Lisbon to Amsterdam went great.<br />
We left Lisbon on time and after getting to the cruising altitude we were served with a nice refreshment while waiting for breakfast.<br />
Breakfast served, orange juice, bread, muesli bar, butter, etc etc.<br />
The flight went great the stuardists were very nice, and I sat beside Marco Horacio (Rouxinol Faducho).</p>
<p>Amsterdam Airport &#8211; Best Airport i&#8217;ve been at in my life, casino, stores, burguer king, kfc, macdonalds, the works. Amazing and Big.</p>
<p>Northwestern Airlines Flight Amsterdam to Detroit &#8211; Nice plane, onboard entertainment, watched 3 movies. Cabin crew was the worse i&#8217;ve seen in my life. Completly unprofessional. Arriving in Detroit. After passing through passport control, being asked why i&#8217;m going to canada and why i&#8217;m canadian, (stupid americans!) i had to take off my jacket, everything from my pockets and my shoes! Being told my baggage would go straight to toronto, wasnt expecting having to pick it up in detroit and checking it in again, bloody americans.</p>
<p>Northwestern Detroit &#8211; Toronto &#8211; Wow, even more unprofessional, they seemed high or something.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ll continue later..</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<item>
		<title>SSH Without a Password</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/07/11/ssh-without-a-password/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/07/11/ssh-without-a-password/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jul 2007 09:08:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://hng.av.it.pt/~rcordeiro/?p=40</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[On the client run the following commands: $ ssh-keygen -t dsa -f ~/.ssh/id_dsa -P &#8221; This should result in two files, ~/.ssh/id_dsa (private key) and ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub (public key). # Copy ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub to the server. # On the server run the following commands: $ cat id_dsa.pub &#62;&#62; $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 $ chmod 0600 $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=26&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On the client run the following commands:</p>
<p>$ ssh-keygen -t dsa -f ~/.ssh/id_dsa -P &#8221;</p>
<p>This should result in two files, ~/.ssh/id_dsa (private key) and ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub (public key).<br />
#</p>
<p>Copy ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub to the server.<br />
#</p>
<p>On the server run the following commands:</p>
<p>$ cat id_dsa.pub &gt;&gt; $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2<br />
$ chmod 0600 $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<title>Backuppc</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/backuppc/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/backuppc/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Jun 2007 17:12:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://hng.av.it.pt/~rcordeiro/?p=39</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Howto backup with backuppc On the machine to be backed up 1- vi /root/.ssh/authorized_key2 and add your key On the machine holding backuppc 2- vi /etc/backuppc/hosts and add the host weirdo-ipv4 0 backuppc weirdo is the hostname / note: the dns resolves the name weirdo-ipv4 to an ip 3- as root type: su backuppc and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=25&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Howto backup with backuppc</p>
<p>On the machine to be backed up<br />
1- vi /root/.ssh/authorized_key2<br />
and add your key</p>
<p>On the machine holding backuppc<br />
2- vi /etc/backuppc/hosts<br />
and add the host<br />
weirdo-ipv4         0            backuppc<br />
weirdo is the hostname / note: the dns resolves the name weirdo-ipv4 to an ip</p>
<p>3- as root type: su backuppc<br />
and now execute this line :<br />
ssh -q -x -l root -i /etc/backuppc/id_dsa weirdo-ipv4 /usr/bin/rsync<br />
it will ask you a yes / no question, answer yes and type exit (to return to root on your backuppc computer)</p>
<p>4- Go into the backuppc webinterface and go to the pull down menu, you should now see weirdo-ipv4 in the list of available computers to backup from.</p>
<p>Click it, and then on start full backup,<br />
Your set, your backups should be working</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Rick Cordeiro</media:title>
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		<title>TCP / IP</title>
		<link>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/tcp-ip/</link>
		<comments>http://rcordeiro.wordpress.com/2007/06/28/tcp-ip/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Jun 2007 15:56:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rick Cordeiro</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://hng.av.it.pt/~rcordeiro/?p=38</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Arquitecturas de Comunicação – TCP/IP Em finais da decada de 60 e durante a decada de 70, uma investigação foi levada a cabo e financiada pelo DARPA, agência governamental de investigaçao de defesa dos EUA, no ambito da ARPANET, uma rede de comutaçao de pacotes, da qual resultou o modelo TCP/IP. A arquitectura protocolar em [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=rcordeiro.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2632326&amp;post=24&amp;subd=rcordeiro&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Arquitecturas de Comunicação – TCP/IP</p>
<p>Em finais da decada de 60 e durante a decada de 70, uma investigação foi levada a cabo e financiada pelo DARPA, agência governamental de investigaçao de defesa dos EUA, no ambito da ARPANET, uma rede de comutaçao de pacotes, da qual resultou o modelo TCP/IP.</p>
<p>A arquitectura protocolar em si foi desenvolvida em 1974, especificamente para a Internet. Contudo, devido ao sucesso actual da Internet, esta reside implementada e é utilizada em vários sistemas para suportar serviços não directamente relacionados com a mesma. Uma das vantagens deste protocolo situa-se na possibilidade de interligação de dispositivos que se encontrem em diferentes redes físicas, como por exemplo imprimir um documento numa impressora situada na Sede da empresa em Portugal estando na filial dos Estados Unidos ou em qualquer lugar através da Internet.</p>
<p>Podemos então dividir o modelo TCP/IP em 4 / 5 Camadas:<br />
- Aplicação<br />
- Transporte<br />
- Rede (Internet)<br />
- Acesso à Rede<br />
- Física (nem sempre incluída, alguns autores ignoram esta)</p>
<p>No modelo TCP/IP é normal agrupar os protocolos tendo em conta os serviços que necessitam. Ou seja, um protocolo que necessite apenas de serviços da camada 3 é colocado na camada 4 independente da sua funcionalidade, isto faz com que tenhamos na mesma camada TCP/IP protocolos como várias funcionalidades distintas e diferentes daquelas que o nome nos levaria a supor.</p>
<p>Algumas das funcionalidades de cada camada sao exemplificadas a seguir:<br />
Na camada de Aplicação temos o FTP, Telnet, HTTP, ja na camada de Transporte temos o protocolo TCP e o UDP, na camada de Rede (Internet) temos o protocolo IP e na camada de Acesso à Rede temos os protocolos Ethernet e Ponto a Ponto entre outros. Na camada Física temos os protocolos de acesso ao meio fisico da rede.</p>
<p>A criação de standards TCP/IP passa por um largo processo de analise, passando por várias comissões de standarizaçao, como a IETF, a IAB e a ISOC.</p>
<p>O processo de criação de uma suite de protocolos de Internet é documentado num processo iterativo em que os diversos componentes são desenvolvidos individualmente. Para cada componente, este processo é iniciado através da criação de um internet draft, que expira 6 meses depois. Até à sua expiração, ou mesmo depois, o componente é refinado produzindo-se um novo Internet Draft. Este processo repete-se até que se atinja a maturidade pretendida. O último draft é depois eleito para Experimental RFC e sofre um processo de estandardização de refinamento final. Daqui resulta um RFC seguindo a nomenclatura RFC#### (ex RFC3452). O conjunto dos diversos RFCs que compõem a arquitectura forma um Internet Standard.</p>
<p>Endereçamento IP</p>
<p>O TCP/IP requer que cada interface (placa de rede) numa rede TCP/IP tenha um endereço IP próprio e diferente de qualquer outro. Existem dois tipos de esquemas de endereçamento IP: IPv4 e IPv6.</p>
<p>IPv4</p>
<p>Um endereço IPv4 é um numero de 32 bits, normalmente representado como um numero decimal com 4 partes, estando separados por um ponto. Normalmente designa-se esta representação por dotted decimal. Num endereço IPv4, cada byte individual, ou octeto como por vezes se chama, pode ter um valor de amplitude entre 0 e 255.</p>
<p>Existem 5 maneiras de classificar um endereço IPv4. Designadas por Classe A, Classe B, Classe C, Classe D e Classe E.</p>
<p>A classe A foi desenhada para redes muito grandes, ou seja com muitas maquinas ligadas. A porção de rede (Network ID) de uma rede de Classe A são os primeiros 8 bits, deixando os seguintes 24 bits para identificação de hosts (maquinas). Visto cada bit poder ter valor 0 ou 1 (2 hipoteses), e como temos 24 bits para identificação de maquinas, 224 = 16,777,214. Logo poderemos ter essas maquinas todas em teoria ligadas á rede. Exemplos de redes de Classe A são, General Electric, IBM, HP, Apple, Xerox e a rede privada 10.0.0.0. Todas as redes desta classe estão a ser utilizadas.</p>
<p>A Classe B foi desenhada para redes de tamanho médio. Neste caso ja  temos os primeiros primeiros 16 bits para a porção de rede (Network ID), deixando os proximos 16 para identificação de maquinas. Exemplos de redes de Classe B são, Microsoft, Exxon e as 16 redes privadas no intervalo entre 172.16.0.0 e 172.31.0.0, inclusivé. As redes desta classe são normalmente vistas como se não tivessem disponiveis para aquisição, embora de vez em quando estejam disponiveis.</p>
<p>A Classe C foi desenhada para redes pequenas, com poucas maquinas ligadas. Nestas redes temos os primeiros 24 bits para a identificação da rede e os próximos 8 bits para a identificação das maquinas, podendo ter um maximo de 254 maquinas em cada rede. Exemplos de redes de Classe C são as 256 redes privadas desde o 192.168.0.0 ate 192.168.255.0. Ainda estão disponiveis redes de Classe C.</p>
<p>A Classe D é a amplitude de endereços Multicast, nao podendo ser utilizadas para redes. Funcionam como endereços de broadcast (endereços de destino).</p>
<p>A Classe E está reservada para fins experimentais.</p>
<p>Resumindo:</p>
<p>Class<br />
Allocação de Bits<br />
A<br />
Rede – 7bits<br />
Host (Endereço de Maquinas) – 24 bits<br />
B<br />
Rede – 14bits<br />
Host – 16 bits<br />
C<br />
Rede – 21 bits<br />
Host – 8bits<br />
D<br />
Endereços de Multicast – 28bits<br />
E<br />
Experimental – 28bits</p>
<p>IPv6</p>
<p>O endereçamento IPv6 foi desenhado originalmente por causa da falta de endereços IPv4. Como o endereçamento IPv6 utiliza um esquema de endereçamento de 128 bits, existirão por volta de 79,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (79 octiliões) vezes mais de endereços que o endereçamento IPv4. Existe tambem outra diferença entre o IPv4 e o IPv6, pois o IPv6 utiliza uma notação sob a forma de 8 conjuntos de 4 digitos hexadecimais (ao contrario dos 4 conjuntos de 8 bits do IPv4). Um exemplo do endereçamento IPv6 será: 3FFE:0B00:0800:0002:0000:0000:0000:000C.</p>
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